고등 영어 어휘 적절성 예상문제

Getting enough sleep is essential for learning. During deep sleep, the brain ① scatters the memories formed during the day, transferring information from short-term storage into more permanent networks devoted to long-term memory. Students who sleep well after studying tend to ② recall material more accurately than those who stay up all night cramming. Sleep deprivation, by contrast, tends to ③ impair concentration and slow down reaction times the following day. Without adequate rest, the brain struggles to ④ sort useful information from irrelevant details, making it harder to focus on complex tasks. For this reason, most sleep experts ⑤ encourage students to get a full night's rest before exams rather than staying up to study.

As cities continue to expand, urban planners have grown increasingly aware of the dangers posed by extreme heat. One effective strategy is to ① increase the amount of green space, since trees and parks naturally cool the surrounding air through shade and evaporation. Concrete and asphalt, by contrast, ② absorb heat during the day and release it slowly at night, keeping cities warmer than nearby rural areas. Painting rooftops white can ③ intensify this problem, since light-colored surfaces reflect rather than absorb sunlight, keeping buildings cooler. Such measures, though simple, can ④ lower the overall temperature of a neighborhood by several degrees, making streets more comfortable in summer. Urban heat island effects, if left unaddressed, will continue to ⑤ heighten health risks for vulnerable residents such as the elderly and young children.

A growing body of research has examined the psychological effects of pet ownership, particularly among older adults living alone. Interacting with a companion animal, studies show, can ① lower levels of the stress hormone cortisol, producing measurable calming effects within minutes of petting a dog or cat. Pet owners frequently report a stronger sense of daily routine and purpose, since caring for an animal requires regular feeding, walks, and attention that structure the day in ways that can ② benefit individuals prone to loneliness or depression. Nursing homes that have introduced supervised pet therapy programs report that residents who interact with visiting animals show ③ worsened mood and increased social interaction with staff and other residents compared to residents in facilities without such programs. Owning a pet is not without added responsibility, however: unexpected veterinary expenses and the physical demands of caring for an animal can become genuinely stressful for owners facing health or financial difficulties of their own. Because of this, experts recommend that older adults considering pet ownership ④ carefully weigh their physical capacity and financial stability before committing to a long-term companion animal. On balance, though, most studies conclude that for those who are prepared for the responsibility, the emotional benefits of pet companionship tend to ⑤ outweigh the added stress caused by unexpected caregiving burdens.

Women's dresses from the eighteenth century offered a great opportunity for repurposing, as they were frequently fashioned from long, uncut lengths of fabric. Textiles were significantly more A) costly than the labor it took to alter them, and as a result, most garments were modified numerous times to keep up with changes in fashion. "Even the wealthy saved fabrics, remodeled clothes, and sold unwanted items in the secondhand market," observes fashion scholar Linda Welters. "Sustainability was a way of life." Indeed, although change is inherent to fashion, the remodeling of the existing clothing, rather than buying new, was a widespread practice. It is B) rare, in fact, to find an eighteenth-century dress that does not show some sign of alteration. The cost of having a gown made, or remade, was only about half the cost of the textile itself and could be significantly less, depending on the type of fabric. In addition to updated dress silhouettes, accessories and trimmings played an important role in refreshing old clothing styles. For example, the addition of a row of lace on an upper part of a gown was an economical alternative to the full C) replacement of the gown. Many eighteenth-century dresses, particularly those from the first half of the century, were constructed with relatively crude stitches, indicating that the effortless D) preservation of the original gown was a consideration. Because fabrics E) retained value even when they were not in fashion, hand-woven silks, cherished for their quality and beauty, were sometimes passed down through generations.
* garment: 의복 crude: 조잡한 * cherish: 소중히 여기다

The emperor attracted many people to his court who wanted to share the distinction of shaping the future of the land. Most court members eagerly competed for his attention. Yet their ideas led to A) disappointing results. One quiet member did not present any ideas. Others scolded him for his lack of creativity and warned that he would soon lose his position. Still, he simply B) listened as the emperor spoke about caring for his people and improving farming. One afternoon, the court members were discussing a project to build a structure reaching into the heavens. They argued about how to design the foundation. To everyone's surprise, the quiet member spoke up. "The purpose is to symbolize the glory and wisdom of the emperor?" Everyone agreed. He asked again, "So the purpose is to build a structure that shows his wisdom?" The emperor nodded. The member continued, "The emperor's wisdom has made the land rich, allowing his people to grow in numbers. Let him expand the lands that produce crops and increase trade by building the largest waterway and storage system." The room fell C) silent, shocked that such a boring idea would be presented. But a smile slowly D) spread across the face of the emperor as he thought about how this plan would bring E) conflict to his people. He pointed to the member and said, "This is what we will build instead."

An experiment conducted in Palo Alto, California demonstrated the remarkable power of the "foot-in-the-door" technique. Researchers telephoned 156 housewives and asked them to allow a team of six men to enter their homes for two hours to catalog household products — a request that most would find A) intrusive. Only 22 percent agreed. However, a second group of housewives received a different approach: they were first asked a series of eight simple questions about household soaps — a B) trivial favor that nearly everyone accepted. Three days later, when this second group received the same large request, an C) impressive 52 percent agreed. The experiment revealed that a person's D) willingness to accept a significant request increases dramatically when that request is preceded by a minor one. The initial small favor appears to E) discourage a sense of commitment, making the subsequent larger request feel like a natural continuation rather than an unreasonable demand.
* catalog: 목록을 만들다

When animals of the same species compete for limited resources, the confrontation rarely escalates to all-out violence because both parties stand to A) lose from a prolonged fight. Instead, competitors typically engage in ritualized displays — a deer lowering its antlers, a frog inflating its throat, a cat arching its back — that communicate strength without the need for actual combat. These displays involve a strategic mix of truth and B) exaggeration: an animal may genuinely be large and powerful, but it will also employ postures and sounds designed to make itself appear even more C) formidable than it really is. The effectiveness of such bluffs depends entirely on the D) absence of a real cost associated with fighting. If combat carried no risk, every bluff could be immediately tested and exposed. It is precisely because fighting is E) dangerous that deception remains a viable strategy in the animal kingdom.
* antler: 뿔 ** bluff: 허세, 엄포

Caffeine, found in coffee, tea, and many soft drinks, is well known for its ability to increase alertness by blocking adenosine, a brain chemical that promotes drowsiness. Because caffeine can remain in the bloodstream for several hours after consumption, sleep researchers have found that drinking coffee even six hours before bedtime can ① improve both the time it takes to fall asleep and the overall quality of deep sleep that follows. Individuals who consider themselves 'unaffected' by afternoon coffee often still show measurable disruptions in their sleep architecture when monitored in sleep laboratories, even if they do not consciously feel less rested the next morning. Interestingly, the sleep-disrupting effects of caffeine tend to ② worsen with age, since the body's ability to metabolize caffeine slows down over time, meaning that a cup of coffee that caused no noticeable issues in someone's twenties may ③ interfere with sleep more noticeably in their forties or fifties. For those who cannot give up their afternoon coffee entirely, switching to decaffeinated options can ④ reduce the risk of caffeine-related sleep disruption. Ultimately, understanding one's personal sensitivity to caffeine, rather than assuming a fixed cutoff time works for everyone, can ⑤ help individuals protect their sleep quality more effectively.